White Discharge: 7 Causes (& What It Means)

White discharge can be caused by various vaginal infections, including yeast infections, vaginitis, or bacterial vaginosis. However, it can also be a normal occurrence, particularly before your period when it helps keep the vagina lubricated.

If the discharge develops a strong odor or a different consistency, it may be a sign of an underlying issue. You should also watch for other symptoms like vaginal itching or burning, which often indicate an infection. In these cases, it is important to consult a gynecologist for a proper evaluation and diagnosis. This allows you to identify the specific cause of the discharge and begin the most effective treatment.

While white discharge is most common in women, it can also affect men in some instances. In men, this is almost always a sign of trichomoniasis, a common sexually transmitted infection that requires a urologist's attention.

Why do I have white discharge?

The most common causes of white discharge in women include:

1. Normal menstrual cycle

It is perfectly normal for women to notice a thick, milky white discharge before their period begins. This is a standard part of the menstrual cycle and is driven by natural hormonal shifts during this time.

This type of discharge does not have an odor and does not cause other symptoms. It is primarily made of white blood cells and serves to protect the body while providing necessary lubrication.

Read more about white discharge before a period and why it happens.

What to do: Because this is a normal part of your cycle, no medical treatment is necessary.

2. Vaginal candidiasis (yeast infection)

A yeast infection is a very common condition caused by an overgrowth of the fungus Candida albicans. In addition to a thick white discharge that looks like cottage cheese, it often causes genital itching, burning during urination, pain during sex, and redness. 

Learn more about the causes and symptoms of yeast infections.

What to do: You should see a gynecologist to confirm the diagnosis and receive the right treatment. Doctors typically recommend antifungal medications like fluconazole in the form of oral tablets, topical creams, or vaginal suppositories for 3 to 7 days.

3. Bacterial vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) occurs when the natural balance of vaginal bacteria is disrupted, leading to an overgrowth of Gardnerella vaginalis. This can cause a white, gray, or thin yellow discharge accompanied by a fishy odor, itching, and burning. 

Read more about the symptoms of bacterial vaginosis and what causes it. 

What to do: It is best to have a gynecological exam to confirm BV before starting treatment. Doctors usually prescribe the antibiotic metronidazole, either as an oral tablet or a vaginal gel, and may recommend using condoms during recovery.

Read more about the different options for bacterial vaginosis treatment. 

4. Vaginitis

Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina or cervix that can be triggered by bacteria, fungi, or protozoa. This condition typically results in a creamy white discharge and may cause a noticeable foul odor.

Common symptoms include itching, burning, pain during urination or intercourse, and general discomfort in the genital area.

What to do: Treatment depends on the specific cause and must be managed by a healthcare provider. They may prescribe antifungals, antibiotics, or antiparasitic medications as tablets, creams, or vaginal inserts.

5. Colpitis

Colpitis is an inflammation of the vaginal walls and cervix often caused by infections. It results in a milky or sometimes foamy white discharge, a foul odor, and visible red spots or swelling on the cervix during an exam.

What to do: You should consult a gynecologist for diagnostic tests, such as a pH test or a colposcopy. Once the infectious agent is identified, the doctor will prescribe the appropriate antimicrobial ointment or tablet.

6. Cytolytic vaginosis

Cytolytic vaginosis occurs when there is an overproduction of Lactobacillus, which are the good bacteria naturally found in the vagina. This is often caused by a pH imbalance or the use of certain lubricants or tampons.

The main sign of this condition is a white vaginal discharge that is sticky and uniform in consistency.

What to do: It is important to follow a doctor's advice to restore your vaginal pH. They may recommend baking soda sitz baths or specific vaginal suppositories to help normalize the bacterial levels.

7. Pregnancy

It is common to notice a small amount of thick white discharge during pregnancy. This happens because of the significant hormonal changes the body undergoes during this period. Learn more about discharge during pregnancy. 

What to do: This is a normal occurrence and does not require treatment. However, you should mention it during your prenatal visits to ensure your pregnancy is progressing healthily.

White discharge in men

White discharge from the penis is usually a symptom of trichomoniasis, an STI that can also cause redness, burning, and pain when urinating.

If these symptoms appear, it is vital to see a urologist for a diagnosis. Treatment typically involves medications like tinidazole or metronidazole. To prevent reinfection, partners should also be treated, and sexual activity should be avoided until the infection is cleared.

How to avoid white discharge

While discharge can be normal, you can take steps to maintain a healthy vaginal environment and prevent infections:

• Avoid staying in damp or wet underwear or swimwear.

• Choose breathable cotton underwear over synthetic fabrics.

• Wear loose-fitting clothing and avoid tight jeans or shorts.

• Limit sugary foods and refined carbohydrates, which can impact your immune system.

• Avoid douching; instead, wash only the external area with mild, unscented soap.

• Sleep without underwear to allow the area to breathe.

• Always wipe from front to back after a bowel movement to prevent the spread of bacteria.

Additionally, scented wipes and perfumed toilet paper can irritate the area and increase the risk of infection.