VLDL cholesterol is a type of very low-density lipoprotein made by the liver and released into the bloodstream. Its main job is to carry triglycerides and cholesterol to different tissues, where they can be stored and used for energy.
Although VLDL has an important role, it is considered a “bad” type of cholesterol. When VLDL levels are high, fat can build up inside blood vessel walls and form plaques. This buildup can restrict normal blood flow and increase the risk of cardiovascular problems, such as atherosclerosis, stroke, and heart attack.
VLDL levels can be checked through a blood test. The value is calculated based on triglyceride levels, since more than half of VLDL is linked to triglycerides. A cardiologist or primary care provider should interpret VLDL results along with total cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride levels, as well as other lab tests.
What is VLDL used for
VLDL, which stands for "very low-density lipoprotein", helps transport fats and proteins through the bloodstream. It mainly carries triglycerides and cholesterol to fat and muscle tissue so they can be stored and later used as a source of energy.
VLDL cholesterol is produced in the liver from triglycerides, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins. When cholesterol and triglyceride levels are high, VLDL levels tend to increase as well.
Reference values
There is currently no agreed-upon reference range for VLDL. Because of this, VLDL values should be interpreted in relation to LDL, triglycerides, and total cholesterol results.
Neither the American Heart Association or the American College of Cardiology define a universally accepted “normal” or “target” numeric level for VLDL cholesterol. In their major guideline documents, VLDL is not singled out for treatment goals. Instead, they emphasize LDL-C, non–HDL cholesterol, and overall risk assessment.
Is low VLDL bad?
Low VLDL levels are not considered harmful. They usually indicate low triglyceride and fat levels, which supports good heart and blood vessel health.
What causes high VLDL?
In most people, high VLDL cholesterol is linked to eating foods high in saturated and trans fats such as fatty meats, full-fat dairy products, pizza, cakes, and fried foods along with a sedentary lifestyle.
High VLDL can also be associated with family history or certain health conditions, including smoking, Cushing syndrome, hypothyroidism, growth hormone deficiency, and polycystic ovary syndrome.
Risks of high VLDL
Elevated VLDL increases the risk of fatty plaque buildup in blood vessels. This buildup restricts normal blood flow and can lead to conditions such as:
-
Atherosclerosis
-
Coronary artery disease
-
Heart attack
-
High blood pressure
-
Stroke
-
Transient ischemic attack
-
Peripheral artery disease
-
Aortic aneurysm
The risk is even higher when LDL cholesterol is also elevated, since both types contribute to cardiovascular disease. People with diabetes and/or high blood pressure also face a higher risk of heart and vascular complications related to high cholesterol.
Which doctor treats high VLDL?
A cardiologist is the specialist who evaluates high cholesterol, triglycerides, and VLDL levels. Regular medical follow-up and routine blood tests are recommended to lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases related to high cholesterol.
How to lower VLDL
Lowering VLDL involves reducing triglyceride and cholesterol levels by following a low-fat, low-carbohydrate, high-fiber diet. The table below outlines recommended foods and foods to limit or avoid:
What to eat | What not to eat or avoid
-
Chicken and fish without skin | Red meat and fried foods
-
Skim milk and yogurt | Sausage, hot dogs, salami, bologna, and bacon
-
White and light cheeses | Whole milk and yellow cheeses like cheddar, catupiry, and prato
-
Fruits and natural fruit juices | Sodas and processed juice drinks
-
Vegetables and leafy greens, preferably raw | Frozen ready meals, powdered soup mixes, and seasoning cubes
-
Seeds such as sunflower, flaxseed, and chia | Pizza, lasagna, cheese sauces, cakes, white bread, sweets, and filled cookies
It is also important to maintain a healthy weight, exercise regularly, and see a doctor at least once a year to evaluate heart health and determine whether cholesterol-lowering medication is needed.