Depression can result from genetic, social, psychological, and biological factors, such as having a family history of the condition, pregnancy and postpartum changes, or imbalances in brain chemicals called neurotransmitters.

It is a psychological disorder characterized by persistent sadness, irritability, loss of interest in once enjoyable activities, and suicidal thoughts.

When depression is confirmed, treatment may include antidepressant medications and psychotherapy, which help relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.

Possible causes of depression

Some of the most common causes of depression may include:

1. Genetic and hereditary factors

One of the answers to what causes depression is heredity. People with first-degree relatives who have depression are about three times more likely to develop the condition compared to the general population.

Genetic variations, such as changes in the serotonin transporter gene and other mutations, are also linked to a higher risk of depression, especially when combined with stressful life events.

2. Biological and biochemical changes

Imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine are biochemical factors that can contribute to depression symptoms.

Certain biological conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases and vascular injuries, are also associated with an increased risk of depression.

Disruptions in circadian rhythm or reduced exposure to sunlight can lower serotonin levels, leading to seasonal depression.

3. Pregnancy and postpartum

Depression during pregnancy may be caused by hormonal changes or fear of becoming a first-time mother, especially in women with a family history of depression.

Other risk factors include high-risk pregnancy, lack of social support, domestic violence, sleep deprivation, and a history of sexual abuse, all of which may contribute to depression during pregnancy or after childbirth.

4. Environmental and psychosocial factors

Environmental and psychosocial issues are also important when considering what causes depression. Triggers may include:

Chronic stress and anxiety
Loss of a loved one
Unemployment or sudden financial difficulties
Marital conflict or breakups
Problems at school, college, or work
Psychological trauma, abuse, violence, or neglect
Lack of social support or caregiver burnout

Substance abuse, such as alcohol or drug dependence, can also increase the risk of depression.

5. Use of medications

Certain medications may lead to depression in some people. These include:

Corticosteroids
Opioids
Interferons
Mefloquine
Progesterone-releasing contraceptive implants
Propranolol

These drugs can cause side effects that contribute to depression. However, depression may also develop from other unrelated factors.

6. Cognitive and personality conditions

Low self-esteem is a personality trait that can make people more vulnerable to stress and pessimism, increasing the likelihood of depression.

Other cognitive risk factors include focusing on negative thoughts and memories, difficulty letting go of distressing ideas, and low self-confidence.

7. Factors in children and adolescents

In children and teens, what causes depression can be linked to:

Stressful experiences, such as bullying or abuse
Sleep problems
Chronic illnesses like epilepsy, type 1 diabetes, or autoimmune diseases
Early use of alcohol or cannabis
Excessive use of social media

Mental health conditions such as anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder are also associated with depression in children and adolescents.

How to treat depression

When depression is diagnosed, treatment may include antidepressants such as fluoxetine and paroxetine, prescribed based on the severity of symptoms.

Psychotherapy is also important to help manage emotional challenges, promote self-awareness, and support conflict resolution.

In addition, engaging in activities that promote well-being, such as regular exercise, reading, spending time outdoors, or meditation, can help in recovery.

What Causes Depression? 7 Causes & How to Treat