Cervical cancer is mainly caused by a long-term infection with certain types of human papillomavirus, especially HPV types 16 and 18. These viruses are spread through sexual contact and can lead to changes in the DNA of cervical cells, which may develop into cancer over time.
The risk increases when the infection persists and the body does not clear the virus. Several factors can make HPV infection more likely, including starting sexual activity at a young age, having multiple partners, and not using condoms. Other risks include having sexually transmitted infections, weakened immunity, smoking, and a history of abnormal cell changes in the genital area.
Cervical cancer usually develops slowly and may not cause symptoms at first. When symptoms appear, they can include abnormal vaginal bleeding, unusual discharge, or pelvic pain. Regular screening helps detect early changes before cancer develops.
Prevention focuses on reducing HPV exposure and catching early changes. Using condoms, avoiding smoking, and getting the HPV vaccine are key steps. Regular Pap smears are important, and any concerning symptoms should be evaluated by a gynecologist.