Cervical lymphadenitis is inflammation of the lymph nodes located in the neck. It is most often caused by viral or bacterial infections, but it may also develop as a result of autoimmune diseases. This condition can occur at any age, although it is more common in children.
Cervical lymphadenitis, also referred to as cervical adenitis, can cause symptoms such as swollen lymph nodes in the neck, fever, sore throat, increased sensitivity in the affected area, and tenderness to the touch.
It is important to see a healthcare provider to identify the cause of the inflammation and begin the most appropriate treatment, which may include compresses, medications, or, in some cases, surgery.
Common symptoms
The main symptoms of cervical lymphadenitis include:
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Enlargement of lymph nodes in the neck, which can be felt when touching the area;
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Pain when pressing on the lymph node;
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Increased sensitivity in the affected area;
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Fever, in some cases;
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Sore throat;
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Cough;
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Headache;
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Excessive fatigue.
Cervical lymphadenitis may appear suddenly, but the lump can also grow gradually over time. In some cases, swollen lymph nodes may also develop in other areas of the body, such as the armpits, groin, or chest.
It is important to consult a primary care provider or pediatrician whenever symptoms of cervical lymphadenitis appear, so tests can be performed and treatment can be started according to the underlying cause.
Confirming a diagnosis
The diagnosis of cervical lymphadenitis is initially made by a primary care provider or pediatrician based on a review of symptoms and the person’s medical history. A physical exam is also performed, including palpation of the neck to assess the size, consistency, and sensitivity of the lymph nodes.
To confirm the diagnosis and determine the cause, the doctor may order lab tests such as a complete blood count (CBC) and other tests to identify infections, along with imaging exams such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). If the doctor identifies features that may suggest malignancy, a lymph node biopsy may be recommended.
Possible causes
The main causes of cervical lymphadenitis include:
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Viral infections, such as influenza, the common cold, measles, mononucleosis, and bronchitis;
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Bacterial infections, such as tuberculosis and bronchitis;
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Bronchitis, which is an inflammation of the airways that may be caused by viral or bacterial infections;
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Dental problems, such as tooth decay or infections of the salivary glands;
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Autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
In addition, cervical lymphadenitis may also occur as a reaction to certain medications, including penicillin, allopurinol, or phenytoin.
Treatment options
Treatment for cervical lymphadenitis should be guided by a healthcare provider and depends on the cause of the inflammation. Anti-inflammatory medications, such as ibuprofen, may be recommended to help relieve inflammation, pain, or discomfort.
If the swollen lymph nodes are caused by a bacterial or viral infection, antibiotics or antiviral medications may be prescribed. When cervical lymphadenitis is associated with autoimmune diseases, corticosteroids or biological therapies may be recommended.