Recurrent Yeast Infections: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

Recurrent yeast infections occur when a woman experiences four or more episodes of infection caused by Candida species within the same year. They are more likely to develop when the immune system is weakened or when treatment is not completed or used correctly.

Recurrent yeast infections can affect both women and men, and symptoms may return even when treatment is followed as prescribed. For this reason, medical evaluation is important to confirm the diagnosis and identify contributing factors.

Recurrent yeast infections are typically managed by a primary care provider, gynecologist, or urologist. Treatment usually involves antifungal medications, and in men with frequent recurrences, circumcision may also be recommended.

Common symptoms

The main symptoms of recurrent yeast infections are:

• Redness in the genital area;

• Itching in the genital area;

• Discomfort during sex (dyspareunia);

• White discharge;

• Swelling in the genital area;

• Pain during urination (dysuria).

The symptoms of recurrent yeast infections are the same as typical yeast infection symptoms, but they tend to occur 4 or more times per year, even when treatment is done according to medical guidance.

Confirming a diagnosis

A gynecologist or urologist diagnoses recurrent yeast infections based on symptoms and lab analysis of genital secretions, which can confirm infection by Candida species.

In addition, a doctor may request other tests, such as a complete blood count (CBC) and blood tests for glucose and/or ferritin, to identify conditions such as iron deficiency and diabetes, which can be associated with recurrent yeast infections.

Main causes

Recurrent yeast infections usually involve the fungi Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, and Candida parapsilosis, and are more common in cases of:

• High levels of stress;

• Poorly controlled diabetes;

• A diet high in sugar;

• Inadequate genital hygiene;

• Frequent antibiotic use;

• Immune system problems;

• Hormone replacement therapy (HRT);

• Inadequate treatment.

In addition, wearing synthetic underwear or very tight clothing can also promote the growth of Candida species, leading to repeated yeast infections.

Chronic yeast infection during pregnancy

Yeast infections during pregnancy are relatively common due to hormonal changes that can weaken immune function and alter vaginal pH, creating conditions that promote yeast overgrowth.

Treatment for recurrent yeast infections during pregnancy is managed by an OB/GYN or midwife. This approach helps prevent transmission of the infection to the baby during childbirth.

Treatment options

The most commonly recommended treatment for recurrent yeast infections is oral fluconazole taken once every 3 days for 3 doses and then taken once a week for 6 months.

Other options include antifungal creams or vaginal suppositories with medications such as clotrimazole or nystatin, which may sometimes be recommended by a healthcare provider.

Treatment for recurrent yeast infections should always occur under medical supervision. This allows providers to identify the specific Candida species through testing and select antifungal medications based on its sensitivity. Even after symptoms resolve, completing the full course of treatment helps prevent the infection from returning.

For men with recurrent yeast infections, doctors may recommend antifungal medications first. If infections persist, circumcision can help by reducing moisture that promotes yeast growth, thereby improving symptoms and preventing future episodes.

Natural treatments

One natural option for yeast infection treatment is a sitz bath with baking soda, as it helps balance vaginal pH, preventing the growth of Candida species.

In addition to sitz baths, eating probiotic foods like yogurt can help support the genital microbiota by boosting levels of beneficial microorganisms that promote genital health.

Care tips

To help ensure successful treatment, the following care measures can be added to the treatment plan recommended by your healthcare provider:

• Reducing consumption of sweets, since sugar promotes fungal growth;

• Avoiding very tight clothing and synthetic fabrics;

• Practicing proper genital hygiene;

• Drying the genital area well;

• Doing regular physical activity.

During an evaluation, a healthcare provider will assess potential triggers for recurrent yeast infections and may recommend targeted measures based on the underlying cause.