Poisoning occurs when a person is exposed to a toxic substance that can harm the body. This exposure may lead to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, confusion, fainting, breathing difficulties, skin reactions, and unusual breath odor.
The effects of poisoning depend on several factors, including the type of substance, the amount involved, and how long the exposure lasts. In more serious cases, poisoning can damage organs and tissues and may lead to life-threatening complications such as coma or brain injury.
Poisoning can result from contact with chemicals, gases, heavy metals, or venom from animals. If poisoning is suspected, it is essential to seek immediate medical help, limit exposure to the substance, and avoid actions that could worsen the situation.
Symptoms of poisoning
Some common signs and symptoms of poisoning include:
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Nausea and vomiting
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Diarrhea and abdominal pain
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Dry mouth or excessive saliva and foaming at the mouth
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Dizziness, confusion, fainting, tremors, seizures, or loss of consciousness
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Difficulty breathing, very slow breathing, or deep, labored breathing
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Very dilated or very constricted pupils
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Skin redness, rashes, burns around the mouth, or very pale or bluish skin
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Breath with an unusual odor, such as alcohol, fuel, or chemicals
Symptoms can vary widely depending on the substance involved, the amount, how it entered the body, and how long the exposure lasted.
What to do
If poisoning is suspected, call emergency services immediately or go to the nearest medical facility.
While waiting for help, it is recommended to:
1. Reduce exposure to the toxic agent
If the substance is in the mouth, spit it out and avoid swallowing. If inhaled, move away from the contaminated area as quickly as possible.
If the substance is on the skin, wash the area thoroughly with soap and water and remove any contaminated clothing, as prompt decontamination is recommended to reduce toxin absorption, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
In the case of venomous bites or stings, remove any rings, bracelets, or tight items, clean the area with soap and water, and apply ice. Elevating the affected area may also help if the bite or sting is on the arms or legs.
2. Place the person in the recovery position
Position the person on their side to help keep the airway open and reduce the risk of choking if vomiting occurs.
3. Check the product label
Look for information on the label of the substance involved and share it with medical professionals.
Once medical help arrives, follow all instructions and provide as much detail as possible about the exposure, including the substance, timing, and symptoms.
What not to do
Do not give liquids unless instructed by a healthcare professional. In some cases, this can increase absorption of the toxin or trigger vomiting, especially if corrosive substances were ingested
Do not induce vomiting unless directed by a medical professional, as it may worsen the condition, a recommendation supported by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), which advises against inducing vomiting in poisoning cases due to potential harm.
Possible causes
Poisoning can occur through ingestion, inhalation, or direct contact with harmful substances.
Common causes include:
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Bites or stings from venomous animals, such as brown spiders, scorpions, and snakes
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Exposure to heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, and mercury
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Inhalation of gases such as carbon monoxide
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Exposure to environmental chemicals such as pesticides, acids, and battery contents
Taking excessive amounts of medication can also lead to poisoning, especially when doses exceed medical recommendations or are taken without supervision.
For this reason, it is important to avoid self-medication and keep medications, cleaning products, and other toxic substances out of reach of children.
Treatment measures
Treatment for poisoning is provided in a medical setting and depends on the substance involved, the amount, how long the exposure lasted, and the person’s overall condition.
The first step is stabilizing the patient and maintaining vital functions such as breathing and circulation. After that, healthcare providers may take steps to limit absorption or help remove the toxin from the body.
These measures may include gastric lavage or the use of substances that reduce further absorption of the toxin. Once the substance is identified, a specific antidote may be given when available to counteract its effects.
In addition, symptoms and potential complications are closely monitored until the person has fully recovered.