Periodontitis is a chronic infection and inflammation of the gums caused by plaque and tartar buildup between the teeth and gums. As bacteria multiply, they can gradually damage the tissues and bone that support one or more teeth.
Common signs of periodontitis include red, swollen gums that may bleed while brushing or eating. Teeth that slowly become crooked, loose or farther apart may also indicate that the supporting tissues have weakened.
A dentist should be consulted whenever symptoms of periodontitis appear so that the condition can be diagnosed and treated appropriately. Treatment may include removing plaque and tartar, using antibiotics in some cases or undergoing dental surgery.
Symptoms of periodontitis
The main symptoms of periodontitis are:
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Bad breath;
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Very red gums;
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Swollen gums;
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Bleeding gums after brushing or eating;
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Red and swollen gums;
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Crooked teeth;
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Loose teeth;
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Increased tooth sensitivity;
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Tooth loss;
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Increased spaces between the teeth;
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Waking up with blood on the pillow.
Periodontitis may be localized, affecting only one or a few teeth, or generalized, affecting all the teeth. Changes in the appearance of the teeth are often the first signs noticed by the person or by someone close to them.
Most people experience gum inflammation at least once in their lifetime. It is especially common during pregnancy because of hormonal changes, but not everyone who develops gingivitis will develop periodontitis.
Although gingivitis can be present with periodontitis, periodontitis is a more serious condition. In some cases, it may require deep cleaning below the gumline or dental surgery.
Confirming a diagnosis
A dentist can diagnose periodontitis by examining the teeth and gums and reviewing the person’s medical history. This review can help identify lifestyle habits or medications that may be contributing to the symptoms.
The dentist may also order an imaging test, such as a panoramic dental X-ray, to confirm the diagnosis. This exam helps assess bone loss in the affected area.
Possible causes
The main cause of periodontitis is the buildup of bacterial plaque and tartar on the teeth and between the teeth and gums. This buildup causes chronic gum inflammation and can lead to the formation of pockets between the gums and teeth.
These pockets may contain bacteria, plaque and tartar. Over time, they can lead to deeper infections and loss of the bone that supports the teeth.
Some factors may increase the risk of developing periodontitis, such as:
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Poor oral hygiene;
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Smoking or chewing tobacco;
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Hormonal changes during pregnancy or menopause;
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Using electronic cigarettes or vaping;
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Vitamin C deficiency;
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Type 2 diabetes;
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Obesity;
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Rheumatoid arthritis;
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Crohn’s disease;
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Use of oral contraceptives;
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Use of medications that reduce saliva production, such as antihistamines, antidepressants or blood pressure medications.
Genetic factors may also increase the risk of periodontitis. Conditions that affect the immune system, such as HIV infection or leukemia, can also make the condition more likely to develop.
Treatment options
Treatment for periodontitis may include scaling and root planing, which is performed in a dental office under local anesthesia. This procedure removes plaque, tartar and bacteria that are damaging the bone and tissues supporting the teeth.
Antibiotics may also be used in some cases. The dentist will determine whether they are appropriate based on the severity and extent of the infection.
Regular dental visits can help slow the progression of inflammation and keep the condition under control. Ongoing care can reduce bone loss and help prevent tooth loss.
Avoiding smoking, brushing every day and flossing regularly are also important for managing periodontitis. These habits help control plaque buildup and support the effectiveness of professional treatment.