Parabens are preservatives widely used in medications and in personal care and beauty products such as shampoos, creams, deodorants, scrubs, lipstick, and mascara. Some types of parabens are also used in foods, including beverages, pastry creams, and canned products.
The parabens most commonly used in cosmetic products are methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, and isobutylparaben. They are mainly added to stop the growth of fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms, helping products last longer.
Although some studies have suggested a possible link between parabens and skin reactions such as hives or dermatitis, the FDA says it does not currently have evidence showing that parabens, as used in cosmetics, affect human health.
The FDA also says it is still reviewing published research on parabens and possible health effects, but it has not concluded that parabens used in cosmetics cause infertility or cancers such as breast, uterine, or prostate cancer.
Potential health risks
According to the FDA, there is currently no information showing that parabens, as used in cosmetics, affect human health. However, some studies have suggested that these compounds may be linked to health risks such as:
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Skin problems: Using products with parabens on the skin, such as creams, gels, shampoos, or ointments, may cause hives, dermatitis, or swelling in some people.
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Endocrine disruption: Parabens may affect hormone metabolism, which could contribute to ovarian cyst formation, infertility in women, or changes in fat cell metabolism that may promote obesity.
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Increased risk of cancer: Because parabens can mimic the action of estrogen, they may increase hormone levels in the body. Higher estrogen levels may stimulate cell division and increase the risk of developing certain cancers, such as breast, ovarian, and uterine cancer.
In men, parabens may also affect hormone regulation, potentially contributing to infertility or even prostate cancer.
Common products
Some examples of products that may contain parabens include:
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Shampoos and conditioners
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Skin-applied products such as deodorant, sunscreen, moisturizer, or soap
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Cosmetics such as lipstick, mascara, eyeshadow, or foundation
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Toothpaste
In addition, parabens may also be found in some foods, such as salad dressings and packaged foods, and in some medications, such as hemorrhoid creams.
The FDA notes that parabens are commonly used in cosmetics and are typically listed by name on ingredient labels, such as methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, or ethylparaben.
How to avoid
To avoid parabens, it is important to read product labels and check whether the ingredient list includes any of these compounds.
Another option is to choose products labeled “paraben-free” and check the ingredient list to confirm they do not contain parabens. Some “low poo” products may also be paraben-free, but that label does not always mean a product is free of parabens.
However, if it is not possible to completely stop using products that contain these compounds, replacing some of the products you use regularly may help lower your overall exposure.