Xerophthalmia is a severe form of dry eye caused by vitamin A deficiency. It can cause vision problems, including difficulty seeing at night, and may lead to corneal ulcers in more serious cases.
Vitamin A deficiency affects the production of proteins that help the retina absorb light. It can also damage the retina and cornea and reduce tear production.
Treatment for xerophthalmia is managed by an ophthalmologist and usually involves increasing vitamin A intake or taking vitamin A supplements. Antibiotic eye drops or artificial tears may also be prescribed to relieve symptoms and treat complications.
Main symptoms
The main symptoms of xerophthalmia are:
- Dry eyes
- Difficulty seeing at night or night blindness
- Eye redness or a burning sensation
- Blurred vision in low-light environments
- Increased sensitivity to light
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), xerophthalmia can progress from night blindness and Bitot spots to corneal dryness, ulceration, and softening of the cornea. These symptoms develop as vitamin A levels in the body decrease.
It is important to consult an ophthalmologist if these symptoms occur. Without proper treatment, xerophthalmia can lead to blindness.
Confirming a diagnosis
Xerophthalmia is diagnosed by an ophthalmologist based on the person’s symptoms, medical history, and an eye exam.
According to the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements, a blood test measuring serum or plasma retinol can help document significant vitamin A deficiency.
Possible causes
Xerophthalmia is caused by a lack of vitamin A in the body. This vitamin is essential for producing proteins that help the retina absorb light.
Risk factors
The main factors that can cause vitamin A deficiency and increase the risk of xerophthalmia are:
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Frequent and excessive alcohol consumption
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Cystic fibrosis
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Cirrhosis or pancreatitis
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Inflammatory bowel disease
Restrictive diets, gastrointestinal surgery, or a low intake of foods rich in vitamin A can also lead to xerophthalmia. This may be more common in areas where access to these foods is very limited.
Treatment options
Treatment for xerophthalmia should be supervised by an ophthalmologist. The goal is to relieve symptoms, treat the condition, and prevent complications.
The main treatments for xerophthalmia are:
1. Increased vitamin A intake
The initial treatment recommended for xerophthalmia is to increase the intake of foods that contain vitamin A, such as liver, dairy products, and eggs.
A registered dietitian can recommend appropriate amounts based on each person’s individual needs.
2. Vitamin A supplements
In more severe cases, a doctor may recommend vitamin A supplementation, which may be given orally or by intramuscular injection.
According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, vitamin A supplementation can reverse night blindness and help restore eye lubrication. However, vision loss caused by scarring from corneal ulcers may be permanent.
3. Artificial tears
An ophthalmologist may recommend preservative-free artificial tears to reduce eye dryness and discomfort.
4. Antibiotic eye drops
If the cornea is damaged, the ophthalmologist may prescribe antibiotic eye drops or ointments along with vitamin A supplementation.
These medications help treat possible corneal infections and prevent complications from worsening.
How to prevent
The best way to prevent xerophthalmia is to regularly eat foods rich in vitamin A.
When these foods are not readily available or dietary restrictions limit their intake, a healthcare professional may recommend vitamin A supplements to help maintain adequate levels.