Reye's syndrome is a rare disease that causes inflammation of the brain and a rapid buildup of fat in the liver. It can lead to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, confusion, and delirium.
Reye's syndrome may be caused by viral infections, such as the flu or chickenpox, or by certain medications. It mainly affects children ages 4 to 12, but it can also occur in adults.
Reye's syndrome can be treated successfully when it is diagnosed early and treatment is started right away. Treatment usually involves measures to relieve symptoms and control inflammation in the brain and liver.
Reye's syndrome symptoms
The main symptoms of Reye's syndrome are:
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Vomiting
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Drowsiness or irritability
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Personality changes
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Disorientation or delirium
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Double vision
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Seizures
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Liver failure
If symptoms of Reye’s syndrome appear, medical care should be sought right away so that a diagnosis can be made and the most appropriate treatment can be started.
Confirming a diagnosis
Reye's syndrome is diagnosed by a pediatrician or other healthcare provider based on symptoms, medical history, and test results. The doctor may ask about recent viral infections and aspirin use, and may order blood or urine tests, a liver biopsy, and/or a lumbar puncture (spinal tap).
Imaging tests, such as a CT scan or MRI, may also be recommended to assess the brain or rule out other conditions.
Possible causes
However, it is believed to be related to some viral infections, such as the flu virus and the chickenpox (varicella) virus, for example.
According to the CDC’s published Surgeon General advisory, salicylates such as aspirin have been associated with Reye’s syndrome in children with influenza or chickenpox, and salicylate-containing medications should not be used in children with these illnesses.
People who develop Reye's syndrome may have a genetic predisposition that is triggered by aspirin use.
Treatment options
Treatment for Reye’s syndrome focuses on closely monitoring and supporting vital organ function, including the heart, lungs, liver, and brain. Aspirin and all medications containing acetylsalicylic acid must be stopped immediately.
Supportive care typically includes intravenous (IV) fluids with electrolytes and glucose to maintain fluid and metabolic balance, as well as vitamin K to reduce the risk of bleeding. In some cases, medications such as mannitol, corticosteroids, or hypertonic saline may be used to help lower increased pressure in the brain.
Outcomes depend on the severity of brain swelling. When diagnosed and treated early, many patients recover fully. However, severe cases can lead to long-term neurological damage or death.