Gardnerella vaginalis is a type of bacteria that naturally lives in the female genital area in very small amounts, usually without causing any symptoms or health problems.
However, when the amount of Gardnerella sp. increases due to factors that affect the immune system or vaginal microbiota (such as poor hygiene, having multiple sexual partners, or frequent vaginal washing) it can lead to a vaginal infection known as bacterial vaginosis or Gardnerella vaginitis.
This infection is usually characterized by a strong, unpleasant odor and yellowish vaginal discharge. It can be easily treated with antibiotics prescribed by a doctor, so it’s important to see a gynecologist whenever there are noticeable changes in vaginal discharge, odor, or discomfort.
Symptoms of Gardnerella vaginalis
The most common symptoms of Gardnerella vaginalis include:
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Yellowish or grayish vaginal discharge
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Strong, fishy odor
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Itching or burning sensation in the vagina
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Pain during sexual intercourse
In some cases, light bleeding may also occur, especially after sex. When this happens, the odor can become even stronger, particularly if a condom is not used.
In men, Gardnerella vaginalis may cause symptoms such as swelling and redness of the glans (the head of the penis), pain when urinating, or itching. These cases usually occur after unprotected sexual contact with an infected partner.
How diagnosis is made
The diagnosis of Gardnerella vaginalis infection is made by a gynecologist based on symptoms and a pelvic exam.
The doctor may also perform a Pap smear to rule out other infections that have similar symptoms, such as trichomoniasis or gonorrhea, which require different treatments.
How infection occurs
There is no specific cause identified for the development of Gardnerella vaginalis infection.
However, some factors appear to increase the risk, including:
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Having multiple sexual partners
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Performing frequent vaginal douching
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Smoking
Although sexual activity may play a role, Gardnerella vaginalis infection is not considered a sexually transmitted disease, as it can also occur in women who have never had sexual intercourse.
Because this bacterium is part of the normal vaginal flora, people with weakened immune systems (such as those with HIV or undergoing cancer treatment) may be more likely to develop recurring infections.
To help prevent infection, it’s recommended to maintain good intimate hygiene, use condoms during sexual intercourse and avoid wearing tight or synthetic underwear that traps moisture
Treatment options
Treatment for Gardnerella vaginalis should always be guided by a gynecologist and generally involves the use of antibiotics, such as:
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Metronidazole
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Clindamycin
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Ampicillin
These medications are usually prescribed for 5 to 7 days and may be taken orally or used as a vaginal cream. For pregnant women, oral antibiotics are typically preferred.
If symptoms do not go away after completing treatment, the doctor should be notified. When left untreated, Gardnerella vaginalis infection can lead to more serious complications, such as infections of the uterus, urinary tract, or fallopian tubes.