Fifth disease is a viral infection that causes red spots on the face, especially on the cheeks. Red spots may also appear on the trunk, arms, and legs.
It can also cause itchy skin, a low-grade fever, headache, and malaise. Fifth disease is most common in children ages 5 to 7, but it can also affect older children and adults.
Fifth disease is also called erythema infectiosum, parvovirus infection, or “slapped cheek disease.” It is caused by human parvovirus B19.
There is no specific medication for fifth disease, as the virus is usually cleared naturally by the body. However, to help relieve symptoms, a doctor may recommend pain relievers or anti-inflammatory medications.
Fifth disease symptoms
The main symptoms of fifth disease are:
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Redness on the face, especially on the cheeks
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Red spots on the trunk, arms, and legs
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Itchy skin
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Low-grade fever
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Malaise
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Muscle pain (myalgia)
The red spots that are typical of fifth disease may appear 4 to 14 days after infection with the virus and usually last about 5 to 10 days. However, the spots may come back weeks or months after the infection when the person is exposed to sunlight, stress, physical activity, or heat.
Confirming a diagnosis
Fifth disease is usually diagnosed by a primary care provider or pediatrician based on an evaluation of the person’s signs and symptoms.
In some cases, serologic tests may be done to confirm parvovirus B19 infection or to rule out other conditions that can cause a rash, such as rubella or roseola. Molecular testing may also be used in specific situations.
How it spreads
Fifth disease is caused by human parvovirus B19. This virus can spread from person to person through breathing in respiratory secretions released into the air when an infected person coughs, talks, or sneezes, or by sharing personal items, especially utensils.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), people with parvovirus B19 are most contagious during the first few days of symptoms and are unlikely to be contagious after later symptoms, such as a rash or joint pain, appear.
Treatment options
Treatment for fifth disease focuses on relieving symptoms. A healthcare provider may recommend pain relievers or anti-inflammatory medications. Rest, drinking plenty of fluids, and eating lighter meals may also be recommended to support recovery.
Medication
There is no specific medication for fifth disease, as the virus is naturally cleared from the body over time. However, to relieve symptoms and recover more comfortably, it is important to follow a healthcare provider's recommendations.