Depersonalization disorder is a condition that changes how a person perceives their body or sense of self. It may cause someone to feel as though they are observing their body from the outside or have difficulty understanding what they are feeling.
Depersonalization is a symptom of dissociation, which is a temporary disconnection from reality. Although it is not always a sign of a serious condition, it may be associated with anxiety, depression, or depersonalization-derealization disorder.
A psychiatrist should be consulted when depersonalization is suspected, especially if the symptoms are persistent, frequent, or distressing. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include stress-management strategies and psychotherapy.
Symptoms of depersonalization
The main symptoms of depersonalization include:
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Feeling outside of yourself or as though you are watching your body from the outside, similar to watching a movie, even though you can still control your actions;
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Feeling disconnected from your emotions and being unable to identify what you are feeling;
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Feeling that your thoughts are unfamiliar, do not belong to you, or that your mind is empty;
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Feeling as though you are floating away;
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Looking in the mirror and not recognizing yourself or feeling as though you have no identity;
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Experiencing a sense of unreality, such as feeling that time is passing faster or slower than usual or questioning whether certain events actually happened.
Because of the nature of these symptoms, a person may find it difficult to describe what they are experiencing. When symptoms occur frequently, the person may also worry that they are losing their mind.
Depersonalization may occur repeatedly. Depending on the severity of the condition, episodes may last from a few hours to several months or, in more severe cases, years.
Difference between depersonalization and derealization
Depersonalization changes how a person perceives their own body or sense of self. Derealization changes how a person perceives the surrounding environment, which may appear foggy, distorted, or dreamlike.
Confirming a diagnosis
A psychiatrist diagnoses depersonalization based on the characteristics of the symptoms. Symptoms that are frequent, persistent, or interfere with everyday activities may indicate a condition such as depersonalization-derealization disorder or an anxiety disorder.
In some cases, the doctor may also order tests, such as an electroencephalogram or CT scan, to rule out conditions such as epilepsy or brain injuries.
Possible causes
The main causes of depersonalization include:
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Frequent stress;
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Excessive alcohol consumption;
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Use of illicit drugs, such as marijuana, hallucinogens, or ecstasy;
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Traumatic events;
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Psychiatric conditions, such as depersonalization-derealization disorder or anxiety disorders;
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Certain religious or cultural practices.
Depersonalization is also more common in people with a history of abuse, emotional or physical mistreatment, exposure to domestic violence, or living with parents who have severe mental health conditions.
Treatment options
Treatment for depersonalization depends on its underlying cause. People who drink excessive amounts of alcohol may be advised to reduce their alcohol intake, while stress-management strategies may include getting enough rest and exercising regularly.
When symptoms are caused by depersonalization-derealization disorder, treatment may involve psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy or psychodynamic therapy. These approaches can help the person better understand their symptoms and develop strategies for managing or preventing them.
When another psychiatric condition, such as depression or an anxiety disorder, is present, a psychiatrist may prescribe antidepressants or anti-anxiety medications to help manage the related symptoms. These medications should always be taken according to the doctor’s instructions.