Serotonin: Uses, Functions, Low vs High & How to Boost

Serotonin is a vital neurotransmitter produced in the intestines and the brain. It is responsible for regulating behavior, emotions, sleep cycles, and various metabolic processes.

Low levels of this chemical may cause mood changes, sleepiness, and general exhaustion. Conversely, high levels can lead to physical irritation, anxiety, and elevated blood pressure.

Natural ways to boost serotonin include eating tryptophan-rich foods and exercising regularly. Some individuals may also require medical guidance to manage their levels through prescription treatments.

Uses and functions

The primary functions of serotonin include:

1. Regulates behavior and emotions

Serotonin acts as a fundamental neurotransmitter for managing mood, anxiety, stress, and other adaptive behaviors. This chemical also plays a role in memory, sleep, and pain perception, which helps maintain emotional balance.

2. Regulates sleep

This neurotransmitter stimulates the specific areas of the brain that control your ability to fall asleep and wake up.

3. Supports intestinal movements

Large amounts of serotonin are found in the stomach and intestines. It helps control the function and physical movement of the digestive tract.

4. Regulates nausea

Serotonin production increases when the body needs to flush toxins from the gut, such as during episodes of diarrhea. This spike also triggers the brain’s nausea center.

5. Assists in blood clotting

Platelets in the blood release serotonin to help wounds heal. It causes blood vessels to narrow, which facilitates the clotting process.

6. Influences sexual function

Serotonin is involved in the biological mechanisms linked to pleasure and sexual drive. While there is a natural link between serotonin and libido, these effects are most visible when levels are artificially raised by Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors.

7. Modulates metabolic processes

Serotonin acts as a neuro-hormone to manage essential metabolic tasks, including the regulation of glucose and fats. It promotes insulin secretion, helps muscles absorb glucose, and regulates how the body stores energy.

8. Participates in reproductive and nervous development

Serotonin is involved in critical stages of reproductive health by promoting oocyte maturation. It also guides the formation of embryonic neural networks to ensure proper nervous system development.

How it is produced

Serotonin can be produced naturally by the body or increased through specific medical interventions.

The natural process begins with tryptophan, an amino acid obtained through your diet. The body transforms tryptophan into 5-HTP and then converts that 5-HTP into serotonin. To complete these reactions, the body requires vitamins like B6 and folic acid.

Most serotonin is produced in the gut. A smaller amount is created in the brain, where it primarily manages mood and cognitive functions.

It is also possible to increase serotonin availability through medications. these treatments work by preventing the body from reabsorbing the neurotransmitter, keeping it active between neurons for longer periods.

Serotonin and dopamine

Serotonin and dopamine are both chemical messengers that balance signals between neurons and body cells. While they share some similarities, they are derived from different amino acids; serotonin comes from tryptophan, while dopamine comes from tyrosine.

Dopamine is generally associated with high-energy emotions like euphoria and increased libido. Serotonin is more closely linked to feelings of calmness, relaxation, and rest.

Low serotonin

Low serotonin may indicate that the body is not producing enough or is not using it effectively. This can happen if there are insufficient receptors or if those receptors are not functioning properly.

A diet high in added sugars and refined flours, combined with high stress, can cause inflammation that triggers the IDO enzyme. This enzyme diverts tryptophan to create kynurenine instead of serotonin. Stress, lack of sleep, and the natural aging process also contribute to declining levels.

Symptoms of low serotonin

Low serotonin levels in the body can lead to signs and symptoms such as:

• Morning moodiness

• Daytime sleepiness

• Changes in sexual desire

• Cravings for sweets

• Constant hunger

• Learning difficulties

• Memory and concentration issues

• Irritability

• Fatigue

• Short temper

If you notice these symptoms, it is important to see a doctor for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

How to increase serotonin

Natural ways to improve serotonin levels include regular physical activity, getting 7 to 9 hours of sleep, and spending time in the sun daily. Engaging in relaxing activities like massage, meditation, and dancing can also be beneficial.

Additionally, a healthcare provider may recommend medications that boost serotonin levels, such as Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

SSRIs are standard medications used to treat depression and anxiety. They increase the amount of serotonin available in the brain by blocking its reabsorption. This improves communication between neurons and, over time, adjusts the receptors to enhance the drug's effect.

Commonly used SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram, escitalopram, paroxetine, and fluvoxamine. These are also used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder and certain eating disorders.

Foods that increase serotonin

Incorporating foods rich in tryptophan can help your body produce more serotonin. Good sources include:

• Dark or semi-sweet chocolate

• Eggs

• Bananas

• Avocado

• Soy

• Chicken

• Milk

Foods high in omega-3 fatty acids, such as salmon, sardines, trout, and various nuts, are also excellent for supporting serotonin levels. These can be easily included in small portions in your daily meals.

High serotonin

Excessive serotonin levels can cause symptoms like irritation, anxiety, diarrhea, flushing, high blood pressure, and tremors.

In severe cases, high serotonin can lead to serotonin syndrome. This is a dangerous condition that affects the brain, muscles, and organs, potentially causing seizures, heart rate changes, coma, or even death.

This condition is often triggered by high doses of antidepressants, certain natural supplements, illicit drug use, or gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors. Treatment is managed by a physician who may adjust your medication or provide hospital care with IV fluids and intravenous medications.