Glossitis is inflammation of the tongue, which can be caused by infections, burns or cuts on the tongue, nutritional deficiencies, dry mouth, canker sores, or allergic reactions to medications, foods, or oral hygiene products.
As a result of the inflammation, symptoms like tongue swelling, pain, increased sensitivity, and difficulty chewing, swallowing, or speaking may occur.
It’s important to see a dentist or physician if any changes in the tongue appear, so the cause of glossitis can be identified and the most appropriate treatment started. Treatment may involve anti-inflammatory or antimicrobial medications in the case of infection.
Main symptoms
Common symptoms of glossitis include:
- Swollen tongue
- Increased tongue sensitivity
- Difficulty chewing, swallowing, or speaking
- Tongue pain
- Changes in texture, such as a smoother appearance
- Changes in tongue color
A dentist or general practitioner should be consulted to determine the cause and begin the proper treatment.
How diagnosis is confirmed
Glossitis is diagnosed by a doctor or dentist through examination of the tongue’s appearance. Additional symptoms, which may vary depending on the underlying cause, are also evaluated.
To identify the cause of glossitis, further testing may be recommended, such as:
- Complete blood count
- Vitamin and mineral level tests
- Allergy testing
- Detailed oral exam
Causes of glossitis
The main causes of glossitis include:
- Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections
- Tongue piercings
- Nutritional deficiencies, such as low levels of vitamin B12, iron, or folic acid
- Dry mouth and reduced saliva production
- Burns or cuts on the tongue
- Allergic reactions to foods, medications, or oral hygiene products (e.g., mouthwash, toothpaste, or denture adhesives)
- Canker sores on the tongue
Eating very acidic or spicy foods can also contribute to tongue swelling and inflammation.
How treatment is done
Treatment for glossitis should be guided by a doctor or dentist and is based on the underlying cause. Anti-inflammatory medications and corticosteroids are commonly used to reduce swelling.
If glossitis is caused by an infection, antibiotics or antifungal medications may be prescribed, depending on the type of infection.
It’s also recommended to avoid acidic or spicy foods and alcoholic beverages. If the glossitis is related to nutritional deficiencies, vitamin and mineral supplements may be advised.