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Marcela Lemos
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Recent Articles by Marcela Lemos

What Causes Ketones in Urine? (plus Symptoms & How to Treat)

Ketones in the urine are often a sign of untrated diabetes, extended fasting, or a diet that is rich in fat and low in carbohydrates. Ketones are a by-product of fat breakdown, which will happen when carbohydrate stores are low. Learn more about what causes of high levels of ketones in the urine and what to do .

Diseases and Conditions

What are the Blood Types? Chart, What Rh Factor Is & Compatibility

The blood types that exist in humans are A, B, AB and O. Not all blood types are compatible with each other, however, and therefore it's important to know who can donate to whom. Receiving the wrong blood type can lead to life-threatening complications, which is why testing is essential prior to a transfusion.

Diseases and Conditions

Free T4 and Total T4: What Is It, Normal Levels & When It's Ordered

The free T4 and total T4 test assesses thyroid function by measuring the levels of these hormones. Free T4 refers to T4 that is actively playing its role in the body, while total T4 describes both free T4 and T4 bound to a protein being transported. Learn more about the normal levels of free T4 and total T4 .

Tests

Anti-CCP: What Is It For: How It's Done & What Results Mean

Anti-CCP is a blood test that is used to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis. It is typically requested by a rheumatologist when a person presents with symptoms such as pain, swelling or redness in the joints. Learn more about what the anti-CCP test is for, how to prepare for it and what results mean.

Tests

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): Normal Levels & What It's For

The glomerular filtration rate, or GFR, is used to evaluate kidney functioning, and to determine the best treatment approach. Learn more about what GFR is, how it is calculated, and what normal levels should be.

Tests

Thyroid Tests: 9 Tests That Assess Thyroid Functioning

Thyroid tests, like TSH, thyroid ultrasounds and antibody testing can help to assess thyroid functioning and reach a diagnosis for thyroid conditions, like hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and Graves' disease. Learn more about what thyroid tests your doctor may order and what they test.

Tests

CA 19-9: Normal Levels, What It's For & What Results Mean

CA 19-9 is a blood test that evaluates the presence of this protein in the blood. It is usually produced by cancer cells, but can also become high in the blood with gallbaldder stones, pancreatitis or cirrhosis. Learn more about what CA 19-9 is for, how it's done, normal levels and what results mean.

Tests

Protein Electrophoresis: What It's Used for & Results

A protein electrophoresis is a test that separates blood plasma proteins into different fractions to evaluate the levels of different types of proteins in the blood. It is done by collecting a blood sample, which is then separated into different parts to isolate the proteins. .

Tests

PTH Blood Test (Parathyroid Hormone): Uses & What Results Mean

The PTH blood test checks for levels of parathyroid hormone, which is a hormone that helps to regulate calcium levels in the blood. This test can be ordered to assess fo hyper or hypoparathyroidism. Learn more about what the PTH blood test is used for, how the test is done and what results (high or low levels) mean.

Tests

IgG vs IgM: Difference, When They're Ordered & Results

IgG and IgM are important antibodies for immunity, as they help to eliminate foreign microorganisms. Learn more about the difference between IgG and IgM, when they are ordered for testing, and what the results mean when they are negative and positive or reactive.

Tests

Cortisol Test: What It's For, Types, Normal Levels & Results

A cortisol test measures the amount of cortisol in the body which can be measured in tje saliva, urine or blood. Learn more about what a cortisol test is for, how to prepare for it, what normal levels are, and what high or low cortisol levels mean.

Tests

Prolactin Test: Why It's For (& What High or Low Levels Mean)

Prolactin is a hormone responsible for stimulating the development of mammary glands, promoting milk production and regulating menstruation after childbirth. Learn more about the prolactin test, what it is for, when to take the test and what are high prolactin or low prolactin level means.

Tests

T3 (triiodothyronine): Normal Levels (& What High or Low Levels Mean)

A T3 test is normally ordered when T4 and TSH results are abnormal or when hyperthyroidism is suspected. Learn more about what the normal T3 level is, why a high or low T3 level means, and how this test is done.

Symptoms

Why Are My Basophils Low? 9 Common Causes

Basophils can be low due to pregnancy and ovulation, which is not a cause for concern. However low basophils may also be a sign of of caused by acute infections, allergic reactions or hyperthyroidism, which require medical treatment. Learn about why basophils can become low and how this finding is treated.

Diseases and Conditions

Nail Fungus: Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatment Options

Nail fungus, or onychomycosis, is usually the result of a fungal infection that causes the nail to become yellow, deformed and thick. It should be treated with anti fungal polish or ointments prescribed by a dermatologist. Learn more about nail fungus, the symptoms is causes and the treatment options available .